Physics 8.422 Spring 2017

Atomic and optical Physics

		Room	Tel.	e-mail
Lecturers:	Prof. Wolfgang Ketterle	26-243	253-6815	ketterle@mit.edu
	Prof. Isaac Chuang	26-251	253-1692	ichuang@mit.edu
Assistants:	Sergio Cantu	26-348		scantu@mit.edu
	Woo Chang Chung	26-269		woochang@mit.edu
	Junru Li	26-259		junruli@mit.edu
	Jules Stuart	26-327		jstuart@mit.edu
	Zackary Vandeiro	26-217		zakven@mit.edu
Secretary:	Joanna Keseberg	26-237	253-6830	j_k@mit.edu

Lectures: Mondays, Wednesdays (and some Fridays)

See calendar for schedule: Course info and calendar

1:00-2:30, Room 26-142

First day of classes: Wed, 2/8

Office hours: Wolfgang Ketterle: Wed 2:30-3:30 or by appointment (just send an e-mail ….)

TAs: announced on problem sets, and by appointment

Homework:

Homework drop off: In class, or in 26-237

Paper HW #1 due March 13 Solutions

Paper HW #2 due May 5 Solutions

Link to feedback questionnaire

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfTLZnaQvbJMNnoBnvarxX2C12qDoEn8elICEhM2p9yIKxPnQ/viewform?usp=sf_link

Due dates:

Module 4: May 1 HW #1, #2, May 5 Paper HW, May 8 HW #3, #4

Module 5, Problem set #1 (time-of-flight expansion) due 5/17

Term papers due: 5/18

Main topics:

· Quantum states and dynamics of photons

· Photon-Atom interactions: basics and semiclassical approximations

· Photon-Atom interactions: open system dynamics, optical Bloch equations

· Applications and limits of the optical Bloch equations: dressed atoms, light force, decoherence

· Cold atoms, quantum states, and quantum dynamics: quantum algorithms and protocols, ion traps,
magnetic traps, evaporative cooling, Bose-Einstein condensation

Web Site for 2013 2015 (Martin Zwierlein) Web Site for 8.421

Atomic Physics Wiki with Typed Lecture Notes

MITx site for 8.421 with lecture videos and online problems

Module 1:

https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:MITx+8.422.1x+1T2017/info

Module 2:

https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:MITx+8.422.2x+1T2017/courseware/module2/Introduction_to_8_422x/

Module 3:

https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:MITx+8.422.3x+1T2017/info

Module 4:

https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:MITx+8.422.4x+2T2017/info

Module 5:

https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:MITx+8.422.5x+2T2017/course/

For gain access to the MITx course site, please enter your edx user ID here:

https://goo.gl/DRdjzm

MIT Stellar grade management Course requirements

Course info and calendar Recommended books

Module 1: Quantum States and Dynamics of Photons

Topic 1: Photons and Statistics

Class notes 2013: Quantum states of light

clicker questions 2/15/2017

Book chapters:

Loudon, chapter 3; Weissbluth, 4.4-4.8

Further reading:

· Yamamoto and Rempe group papers (example of single photon g⁽²⁾(tau) measurement)

· Yamamoto paper on Generation of number states (see the nice quasi probability plots)

· Kimble/Mandel 1977 paper: first antibunching of photons

· Scully paper: what is a photon, and why the photoelectric effect can be understood semi-classically

· The Dual Nature of Light as Reflected in the Nobel Archives link

Topic 2: Non-classical light and squeezed states (2/21)

Class notes 2013: Non-classical light

Book chapters:

Weissbluth, 4.9 . Section on squeezed states

Further reading:

· H.J. Kimble, Quantum fluctuations in quantum optics, in Les Houches 1990. Extensive and advanced treatment of squeezed light.

· R.W. Henry and S. C. Glotzer, A squeezed-state primer, Am. J. Phys. 56, 318 (1988). Basic discussion using only elementary quantum mechanics.

· M.C. Teich and B. E. A. Saleh Squeezed and AntiBunched Light, Physics Today, June 1990. Popular article on non-classical light.

· Generation of squeezed states, classical squeezing: F. DiFilippo et al, Classical Amplitude Squeezing for Precision Measurements. PRL, 68, 2859 (1992).

· Teleportation: Furusawa et al, Unconditional Quantum Teleportation. Science, 282, 706 (1998) .

· Beam splitter and homodyne detection: B.L. Schumaker, “Noise in homodyne detection”, Optics Letters 9, 189 (1984)

· Experiments with squeezed light

o Ling-An Wu, H.J. Kimble, J.L. Hall, H. Wu, “Generation of Squeezed States by Parametric Down Conversion”, PRL 57, 2520 (1986)

o Min Xiao, Ling-An Wu, H.J. Kimble, “Precision Measurement beyond the Shot-Noise Limit”, PRL 59, 279 (1987)

o E.S. Polzik, J. Carri, H.J. Kimble, “Spectroscopy with Squeezed Light”, PRL 68, 3020 (1992)

Topic 3: Single photons (2/22)

Class notes 2013: Single photons

· Phase gates with single photons: Physics Viewpoint Rempe group 1 Rempe group 2 Vuletic group

· Quantum logic with photons: Review paper

· Quantum amplifier Caves Stenholm Wiseman

Topic 4: Entangled photons (3/1)

Class notes 2013

C. A. Sackett, D. Kielpinski, B. E. King, C. Langer, V. Meyer, C. J. Myatt, M. Rowe, Q. A. Turchette, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, C. Monroe, “Experimental entanglement of four particles”, Nature 404, 256 (2000)

Excerpts from Nielsen and Chuang Quantum Computation and Quantum Information on Schmidt Decomposition

Topic 5: Interferometry and metrology (3/1)

Class notes 2013

· Gravitational wave detection:

C.M. Caves, “Quantum-mechanical noise in an interferometer”, Phys. Rev. D 23, 1693-1708 (1981)

· Heisenberg limited interferometry

Vittorio Giovannetti, Seth Lloyd, Lorenzo Maccone, “Quantum-Enhanced Measurements: Beating the Standard Quantum Limit”, preprint quant-ph/0412078

Proposal for atom interferometry:

P. Bouyer, M. A. Kasevich, “Heisenberg-limited spectroscopy with degenerate Bose-Einstein gases”, PRA 56, R1083 (1997)

Creation of correlated states with Bose-Einstein condensates:

J.M. Vogels, J. K. Chin, and W. Ketterle, “Coherent Collisions between Bose-Einstein Condensates”, PRL 90, 030403 (2003).

Topic 6: g(2) for light and atoms (3/1)

Class notes 2013

Highly recommended: Paper on photon-reduced thermal light Optics Letters 2013

Reading: some pages from Gordon Baym, Lectures on Quantum Mechanics

PRL on HBT experiment with cold atoms 1996 paper , first such experiment
2007 Nature paper on HBT with helium atoms

Hong-0u-Mandel effect

With light: Two ion interference Monroe 2007

With electrons: Perspective Paper

With atoms: 2014 Science paper on Hong-Ou-Mandel effect with two atoms in a double-well

With many atoms: Greiner entanglement 2015

Class notes (3/6/2017) on photon measurement and how a fictitious measurement leads to a master equation for the light

Module 2: Atom-photon interactions

Background: The QED Hamiltonian

Viewgraphs used in the class video: Download

Reading:

The discussion follows the appendix in Atom –Photon Interactions.

Please read pp. 621 – 643 Download

Further reading:

A 500-page derivation and discussion of the basic equations of QED can be found in

· Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude, Dupont-Roc, Jaques, and Grynberg, Gilbert, Photons & Atoms, Wiley-Interscience, 1997.

I would recommend consulting this book whenever you want to know more about the “exact” formulation of the theory. I am always amazed how easily you can open this book in the middle and still understand the explanations.

Topic 1: Interactions between light and atoms using Feynman diagrams

Class notes 2013

API see pp. 15-21 and Complement A_I

First example of “engineering the vacuum”:

Daniel Kleppner, Inhibited Spontaneous Emission, PRL 47, 233 (1981)

What is a virtual photon? Web site https://www.quora.com/What-is-virtual-photon

Topic 2: van der Waals and Casimir interactions

Class notes 2013 Class notes 2013 on Casimir force between two plates

see API, pp. 118-126

Reading: four pages course notes from Dan Kleppner (on Casimir force between capacitors)

Physics Today paper by L. Spruch (Nov. 1986, p. 37)

Casmir force between two metal plates:

Copies from Serge Haroche’s summer school notes

Jaffe paper on Casimir force and zero-point energy

Concept questions module 2 (class notes 3/23/2017)

Topic 3: Resonant scattering

Class notes 2013

Reading: API, Chapter III

Further reading: J. Dalibard, J. Dupont-Roc and C. Cohen-Tannoudji, Vacuum fluctuations and radiation reaction: identification of their respective contributions, J. Physique 43, 1617-1638 (1982).

Experimental observation of non-exponential decay Raizen paper Two theoretical papers Paper 1 Paper 2

Module 3: Optical Bloch equations and open system dynamics

Topic 1: Derivation of optical Bloch equations

Class notes 2013

Topic 2: Solutions of the optical Bloch equations - emission spectrum

Topic 3: Solutions of the optical Bloch equations - steady state and cavity QED

Class notes 2013

Reading: API 257 – 333

NEW: Quantum Zeno effect – slow down of dynamics by decoherence: experimental and theoretical paper

Topic 4: Unraveling quantum open system dynamics

Class notes 2013

Original 1992 paper on QMC wave function method Link

Module 4: Laser cooling

Topic 1: Light forces

Topic 2: Applications of the spontaneous light force

Class notes 2013 part 1 part 2

Reading: API 370 – 379
First realization of molasses Link

Spontaneous light force traps

Magneto-optical trap, Optical Earnshaw theorem

W.D. Phillips, Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms, in Laser Manipulation of Atoms and Ions, edited by E. Arimondo, W.D. Phillips, and F. Strumia, Proceedings of the International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, Course CXVIII (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1992) Download

pp. 316 – 355 has a nice summary on dipole traps and raditation pressure traps

Original papers:

Optical Earnshaw theorem (OET): Ashkin and Gordon

How to circumvent the OET: Pritchard et al.

Realization of the MOT: Raab et al.

Topic 3: Dressed atoms

Topic 4: Dipole forces within the dressed atom picture

Class notes 2013 part 1 part 2

Advanced reading on friction force in a standing wave

pp. 34-35 in :
C. Cohen-Tannoudji, “Atomic Motion in Laser Light”, in “Fundamental Systems in Quantum Optics”, Les Houches, Session LIII, 1990, ed. by J. Dalibard, J.M. Raimond and J. Zinn Justin, pp. 1-164 (Elsevier Science Publisher B.V., 1992, Link

J.P. Gordon and A. Ashkin, PRA 21, 1606 (1980) Link

Dressed atom and dipole forces

Reading: API Chapter VI – worth reading!

Important paper:

J. Dalibard and C. Cohen-Tannoudji, JOSA B 1985 Link

Topic 5: Techniques for cooling to ultralow temperatures

Class notes 2013

Magnetic trapping

Further reading: W. K., D.S. Durfee, D.M. Stamper-Kurn, Varenna Lecture Notes 1999, pp. 80-89

Evaporative cooling

Further reading:: W. Ketterle and N.J. van Druten, Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37, 181-236 (1986). Relevant pages: pp. 181-193

Module 5: Ultracold atoms and ions for many-body physics and quantum information science

Topic 1: Bose-Einstein condensation

Topic 2: : Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices

Class notes 2013 on Bose gases, BEC, superfluid to Mott insulator transition

Variational derivation of Gross-Pitaevski equation:

J. Rogel-Salazar. Eur. J. Phys. 34 (2013) 247–257 Link

Bose-Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases, C.J. Pethick and H. Smith, selected
pages

On Bogoliubov transformation and collective excitation: pp. 205-214
On nonlinear Schrödinger equation: pp. 146-156
On hydrodynamics: pp. 165-179

New Enhancement and suppression of spontaneous emission and light scattering by quantum degeneracy Paper

Mean field theory of the superfluid to Mott insulator transition

D. van Oosten, P. van der Straten, and H. T. C. Stoof, PRA 63, 053601 (2001) Link

New Optical lattices (lecture summary and references by Junru Li) Link

Topic 3: Cold fermions

Class notes 2013 on Fermi gases, BEC-BCS crossover

Varenna notes on ultracold fermions Link

Topic 4: Trapped ions

Class notes 2013 on ion trapping and quantum gates

New Cirac-Zoller gate Paper

New Molmer-Sorenson gate Paper1 Paper2